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msMicAL Classic Rdidincs 



Colonial Pioneers. 



James Parton. 



With introduction. 






NEW YORK: 

Effingham Maynaed & Co., Publishers/ 



771 Bboadway and 67 & 69 Ninth Street. 



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KELLOGG'S EDITIONS. 

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KING HENRY VIII. 

AS YOU LIKE IT. 

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HISTORICAL CLASSIC READIiVGS—.Vo. g. 



Colonial Pioneers, 



Governor Bradford. 
William Brewster. 
Thomas Hutchinson. 
Lord Baltimore. 
Peter Stuyvesant. 



William Johnson. 
James Logan. 
Captain Kidd. 
Rev. Samuel Parris. 
Capt. Henry Hudson. 



7 

JAMES PARTON, 



author of 
Life of Horace Greeley," "Life of Andrew Jackson," 
Benjamin Franklin," etc. etc. 



Life and Times of 



Witf) Knttotruction* 




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The following Numbers, uniform in style and size with this 
volume, are now ready : 

1. Discovery of America. Washington Irving. 

2. Settlement of Virginia. Capt. John Smith. 

3. History of Plymouth Plantation. Gov. William Brad- 

ford. 

4. King: Philip's War, and Witchcraft in New England. 

Gov. Thomas Hutchinson. 

5. Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley. 

John Gilmary Shea. 

6. Champlain and His Associates. Francis Parkman. 

7. Braddock's Defeat. Francis Parkman. 

8. First Battles of the Revolution. Edward Everett, 

9. Colonial Pioneers. James Pakton. 

10. Heroes of the Revolution. James Parton. 

Other Nuifibers in Pi-eparatio7i. 



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17 



Copyright, 1890, by Effingham Mavnakd & Co. 



Introduction. 



James Parton was born in Canterbury, England, Feb- 
ruary 9, 1822. When five years old he was brought to 
America and given an education in the schools of New York 
City, and at White Plains, N. Y. Subsequently he engaged 
in teaching in Philadelphia and New York City, and for 
three years was a contributor to the Home Journal. Since 
that time, he has devoted his life to literary labors, contrib- 
uting many articles to periodicals and publishing books on 
biographical subjects. While employed on \\\^ Home Journal 
it occurred to him that an interesting story could be made 
out of the life of Horace Greeley, and he mentioned the idea 
to a New York publisher. Receiving the needed encourage- 
ment, Mr. Parton set about collecting material from Greeley's 
former neighbors in Vermont and New Hampshire, and in 
1855 produced the " Life of Horace Greeley," which he after- 
wards extended and completed in 1885. This venture was 
so profitable that he was encouraged to devote himself to 
authorship. In 1856 he brought out a collection of Humorous 
Poetry of the English Language from Chaucer to Saxe. 
Following this appeared in 1857 the " Life of Aaron Burr," 
prepared from original sources and intended to redeem Burr's 
reputation from the charges that attached to his memory. In 
writing the " Life of Andrew Jackson " he also had access to 
original and unpublished documents. This work was pub- 
lished in three volumes in 1859-60. Other works of later 
publication are: "General Butler in New Orleans" (1863 
and 1882); ''Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin" (1864); 
" How New York is Governed " (1866) ; "Famous Americans of 

3 



4 INTRODUCTION . 

Recent Times," containing Sketches of Henry Clay, Daniel 
Webster, John C. Calhoun, John Randolph, and others (1867); 
"The People's Book of Biography," containing eighty short 
lives (1868); "Smoking and Drinking," an essay on the evils 
of those practices, reprinted from th^ Atlantic Monthly (1869); 
a pamphlet entitled "The Danish Islands: Are We Bound 
to Pay for Them?" (1869); "Topics of the Time," a col- 
lection of magazine articles, most of them treating of ad- 
ministrative abuses at Washington (1871); "Triumphs of 
Enterprise, Ingenuity, and Public Spirit" (1871); "The 
Words of Washington" (1872); *' Fanny Fern," a memorial 
volume (1873); " Life of Thomas Jefferson, Third President of 
the United States" (1874); "Taxation of Church Property" 
(1874); "La Parnasse Frangais: a Book of French Poetry 
from A.D. 1850 to the Present Time " (1877); " Caricature and 
other Comic Art in All Times and Many Lands " (1877); " A 
Life of Voltaire," which was the fruit of several years' labor 
(1881); "Noted Women of Europe and America" (1883); and 
"Captains of Industry, or Men of Business who did some- 
thing besides Making Money: a Book for Young Americans." 
In addition to his writing Mr. Parton has proved a very 
successful lecturer on literary and political topics. 

In January, 1856, Mr. Parton married Sara Payson 
Willis, a sister of the poet N. P. W^illis, and herself famous 
as " Fanny Fern," the name of her pen. He made New York 
City his home until 1875, three years after the death of his 
wife, when he went to Newburyport, where he now lives. 
The London Athenceum well characterizes Mr. Parton i^s " a 
painstaking, honest, and courageous historian, ardent with 
patriotism, but unprejudiced; a writer, in short, of whom the 
people of the United States have reason to be proud." 

The contents of this book have been selected from among 
the great number contributed from time to time by Mr. Par- 
ton, and are considered as particularly valuable and interest- 
ing reading. 



Colonial Pioneers. 



Governor William Bradford, 

The First Historian of the Pilgrim Fathers in New England. 

In the year 1606, William Bradford, a sickly English 
youth of sixteen, was accustomed to walk by a foot-path 
through the fields every Sunday, from his native village 
Austerfield, to attend a religious service at the house of 
William Brewster in the village of Scrooby. The reader 
may think this an unimportant circumstance to mention ; 
but many sons of New England, while traveling in old Eng- 
land, have gone a long distance out of their way to visit 
those villages, and tread the path by which young Bradford 
made his way to Brewster's house. It was a walk of three 
or four miles. Austerfield is now a village of thirty brick 
houses, two of which, it is said, look as if they might have 
been standing in Bradford's day ; and the little church in 
which he was baptized is still standing, and contains many 
objects that have undergone no alteration since. 

Left an orphan at an early age, he was taken home by 
his grandfather, who designed to bring him up a farmer, 
like himself and all his ancestors from time immemorial. 
His bodily strength being unequal to hard labor, he spent a 
great portion of his youth in study, and thus became con- 
versant with the Latin and Greek authors, whom he fre- 
quently quotes in his writings. 



g COLON IAL PIO NEERS . 

The ministers of the Estabhshed Church, at that time, 
had become, many of them, incredibly degraded in mind 
and morals — to the great grief and disgust of such as this 
thoughtful and studious youth. The minister of Austerfield 
was even unusually ignorant and licentious. William Brad- 
ford, therefore, who had imbibed the principles of the 
Puritans, joined the little congregation which gathered at 
Scrooby. Many of his neighbors and some of his nearest 
relations laughed at him, and called him Puritan, which was 
then a term of reproach ; but he held on his way in spite of 
ridicule and opposition. Despised by the ignorant populace, 
and hunted down by the government, the Scrooby con- 
gregation were frequently obliged to change their place of 
meeting, and, though using every precaution, they were 
liable, whenever they met, to be seized, cast into prison, and 
heavily fined. 

The patience of these worthy people was at length ex- 
hausted. Or, to use the language of William Bradford : 

" So, after they had continued together about a year, and 
kept their meetings every Sabbath, in one place or other, 
exercising the worship of God among themselves, notwith- 
standing all the diligence and malice of their adversaries, 
they, seeing they could no longer continue in that condition, 
resolved to get over into Holland as they could." 

It was a desperate resolution, and one that evidently 
struck their friends with amazement. All of them, except 
the minister and one or two others, were farmers, un- 
acquainted with any other trade or business, and singularly 
unfitted to earn their livelihood in a country like Holland, 
where the language, customs, and occupations of the people 
were all equally strange and foreign to them. Bradford 
himself, though his parents had left him a considerable 
estate, possessed nothing, because he was not yet of age ; 
nor could he expect help from his uncles, with whom he then 



COLONIAL PIONEERS . 7 

lived, for they hated the Puritans. Nevertheless the youth 
had cast in his lot with the church at Scrooby, and he deter- 
mined to go with them. 

The enterprise was the more difficult, because the king 
had forbidden the Non-conformists to leave the country, and 
no spy was more welcome to the Tory magistrates of the 
time than one who came to give information of innocent 
people designing to abandon England for such a reason as 
theirs. The seaport most convenient for their purpose was 
Boston, in Lincolnshire, about forty miles distant from 
Scrooby. This poor company of farmers, after selling their 
household goods as best they could, concealing the act from 
hostile neighbors, \vere obliged to procure secret means of 
conveyance to Boston ; and w^iile hiding there, to bribe the 
captains of vessels to secrecy, and offer extortionate rates 
for a passage. Several times. Governor Bradford states, 
when they had paid their passage, and made every arrange- 
ment for their departure, their captain betrayed them, and 
left them, and their goods the prey of the king's officers. 
One instance of this nature he relates in a most simple and 
affecting manner. 

After many disappointments, a large company of them, 
one of whom was Bradford himself, hired a whole ship, and 
a time was appointed for their coming on board. In the 
darkness of the night they left their hiding-places in Boston, 
bearing with them their personal effects, and rowed off to 
the vessel lying at anchor in the stream. This captain also 
was a traitor. The king's officers came on board the next 
day; " who took them," says Bradford, *'and put them into 
open boats, and there rifled and ransacked them, searching 
them to their shirts for money ; yea, even the women further 
than became modesty ; and then carried them back into the 
town, and made them a spectacle and wonder to the multi- 
tude, w^hich came flocking on all sides to behold them." 



g - COLONIAL PIONEERS. 

Robbed thus of their money, books, and apparel, they 
were carried before the magistrates ; by whom they were 
committed to prison. After a month's imprisonment, they 
were all dismissed except seven, one of whom was Bradford ; 
and these leaders of the fugitives were kept in prison until 
the next court. Before they were released the winter was 
well advanced, and these poor, innocent people, who had 
then no homes of their own, lived during the rest of the 
rigorous season in the homes of their friends about Scrooby. 

Undismayed, they renewed the attempt in the spring, 
this time hiring a Dutch ship, hoping to find a Dutch cap- 
tain more faithful than those of their own nation. On the 
shores of the broad Humber, not far from the town of Great 
Grimsby, there was a lonely place suitable for their purpose, 
where the Dutch captain agreed to meet them on a certain 
day, and take them on board his vessel. As the time drew 
near, the company gathered at Hull, a city on the other 
side of the Humber, and about fifteen miles distant from 
the place agreed upon. 

When the day came the women and children were placed 
on board a small vessel at Hull, and conveyed to the 
rendezvous, while the men crossed the Humber at Hull, 
and made their way by land. When the women arrived 
there was no ship in sight ; and as they were sick with the 
roughness of the sea, they begged the sailors to put into a 
creek near by, where their boat would be at ease. The 
sailors complied with their request, and in the course of the 
night the tide fell and left them aground. In the morning 
the ship arrived ; but the women could not stir until the 
tide rose. To save time, the Dutch captain sent his boat 
to get the men aboard whom he saw ready and walking 
about the shore. One boat-load was got safely on board 
the vessel, but just as the boat was ready to push off for 



COLONIAL PIONEERS. 9 

another load, the captain saw a great company of armed 
men, horse and foot, coming to capture his passengers. 

"• Sacrament !" cried the Dutchman, swearing the famiHar 
oath of his country, and instantly weighed his anchor, and 
put to sea with a fair wind. 

It is difficult to say which of the forlorn party were most 
to be pitied — the men on board the vessel, borne away from 
their wives and children, the women left hard and fast in the 
middle of the creek, or the men who had to run and make 
their escape from the troops. Bradford, to his honor be it 
said, and a few others, staid to assist the women in their 
agony. 

" Pitiful it was," he says, "to see the heavy case of these 
poor women in this distress ; what weeping and crying on 
every side ; some for their husbands that were carried away 
in the ship ; others not knowing what should become of 
them and their little ones ; others, again, melted in tears, 
seeing their poor little ones hanging about them crying for 
fear and quaking with cold." 

The helpless women were seized by the troopers ; but, 
after being hurried from one place to another, and from 
court to court, they were released, and found their way to 
places of refuge. The interruption of the embarkation 
proved to be a fortunate circumstance, for there arose soon 
after so violent a storm, and one of such long continuance, 
that if all the company had been on board the little vessel, 
it would in all probability have gone to the bottom. For- 
tunately too, Brewster, Robinson, Clifford, Bradford, and 
other influential persons of the company remained in Eng- 
land, and through their exertions the little congregation 
found their way to Holland, and the distracted families were 
reunited. Brewster and Robinson, it appears, like the faith- 
ful captain and mate of a ship, would not leave England 
until the last of the company were embarked. 



10 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 

In Holland, as Bradford eloquently says, the poor pil- 
grims saw '' fair and beautiful cities, flowing with abundance 
of all sorts of wealth and riches ;" but in those riches these 
English farmers had no part ; and " it was not long before 
they saw the grim and grisly face of poverty coming upon 
them like an armed man, with whom they must buckle and 
encounter, and from whom they could not fly." 

But they went to work, like men of sense, at whatever 
honest thing they could find to do. At Leyden, where they 
settled, Robinson, their minister, wrote and translated books; 
Brewster gave lessons in English to the students of the 
University; Bradford became a silk weaver, and, by and by, 
when he came of age, he sold his inheritance in England, 
and invested it in the silk business. He prospered so well 
that he married in Holland, and was able to contribute 
something to the assistance of his poorer brethren ; others 
of the congregation became liatters ; others workers in wool ; 
and some engaged in more laborious mechanical trades. 

When, twelve years after settling in Holland, the pilgrims 
emigrated to Plymouth in Massachusetts, Bradford went 
with them, and he became the second governor of the colony, 
serving it for many years with wisdom, courage, and fidelity. 
Toward the close of his life he wrote that invaluable history 
of the Plymouth Plantation, by which it is chiefly known. 
He died in 1657, aged sixty-nine, *' lamented," as Cotton 
Mather observes, " by all the colonies of New England, as a 
common blessing and father to them all." 

Some books have a history as strange as the events 
which they record ; and this was the case with the one 
written by William Bradford. It was lost for a hundred 
years, and was then discovered where no one would have 
thought of looking for the manuscript history of an Ameri- 
can colony. Every one who has had occasion to look into 
the early history of New England, is aware that the oldest 



COLONIAL PIOXEERS. H 

books relating to the Plymouth colony frequently refer to 
Governor Bradford's History of Plymouth, and draw from 
it some of their most interesting information. In 1758, we 
know that it was deposited in the tower of the Old South 
Church in Boston, along with other precious works, both 
printed and manuscript ; but from that time nothing was 
heard of it until within these few years. As the Old South 
Church, during the Revolutionary war, was used as a riding 
school by the British troops, it was feared that Bradford's 
History had been destroyed or carried off by some one 
ignorant of its value. 

In 1855, the Rev. John S. Barry, who was engaged in 
writing a history of Massachusetts, observed, while reading 
the Bishop of Oxford's History of the Episcopal Church in 
America, that the author quoted passages from Bradford, 
which, he stated, were derived from "a manuscript History 
of the Plantation of Plymouth, in the Fulham library." 
Fulham is a suburb of London, where the Bishops of Lon- 
don have their summer residence. This led to the discovery 
of the manuscript. It was found in the library of the 
Bishop of London, where it had been, no one knew how 
long, and where the Bishop had discovered it v/hen search- 
ing for material for his work upon the history named above. 
The Historical Society of Massachusetts caused an exact 
copy of it to be made, which was published in 1856. Of all 
the documents relating to the early history of New England, 
this is by far the most interesting. 



12 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 



William Brewster and the Pilgrims in England. 

In the English county of Nottingham, on the high road 
from London to Edinburgh, at a point about one hundred 
and fifty miles from the English capital, is the ancient village 
named Scrooby. The parish contains less than three hun- 
dred inhabitants, farmers most of them, and the village is 
only a small cluster of houses gathered near one of those 
beautiful old churches which give such charm and dignity to 
English rural landscapes. 

A quarter of a mile from Scrooby church there is a 
farm-house which once formed part of a stately mansion be- 
longing to the Archbishop of York ; but which, in the latter 
part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, had lost much of its 
grandeur, and had come to be the residence of a gentleman 
farmer, named William Brewster. The mansion has now 
disappeared, except that a part of its stables, or some other 
out-building, has been converted into the farm-house just 
mentioned. The mansion, in the day of its glory, was sur- 
rounded by a moat, the line of which can still be traced in 
the indented soil. 

William Brewster, who lived in this house, was a Puritan 
of some learning, and much experience in the great affairs of 
the world. After a short residence at the University of 
Cambridge, he made his way to court, where he obtained in 
due time a confidential clerkship under one of the secretaries 
of state, Davison, an eminent Puritan of the time. Brews- 
ter used to accompany the secretary when he waited upon 
the queen, and once when he went upon an embassy to 
Holland ; and thus he became familiar with one of the few 
spots in Europe which then enjoyed a measure of religious 
liberty. 



COLONIAL PIONEERS. I3 

It was Davidson, the reader may remember, who issued 
the warrant for the execution of Mary Queen of Scots, an 
act which had the hearty approval of the intelligent and 
well-informed Puritans of England. In accordance with her 
timid and tortuous policy, Elizabeth feigned to be offended 
with the secretary of state for issuing the warrant, and dis- 
missed him from his ofifice, which deprived William Brews- 
ter also of his place. 

Brewster soon after retired to his native Nottingham- 
shire, and took up his abode in the archbishop's vacant 
manor-house, at Scrooby. His income during. his long resi- 
dence there was derived in part, as I conjecture, from in- 
vested property, and partly from the cultivation of land ; 
and he derived some emolument from the office of postmas- 
ter, which his patron may have procured for him. Not that 
he was a village postmaster, in the modern sense of the term, 
but rather a master of one of the posts between London and 
Edinburgh, where couriers and post-riders obtained fresh 
horses, leaving perhaps behind them a letter or two for some 
important personage of the county. In a word, William 
Brewster was a man of substance and respectability, a lead- 
ing person in his parish, and held in particular respect as 
a gentleman who had been at Court, and served one of the 
queen's ministers both at home and abroad. 

Like his old master, the secretary of state, William 
Brewster was a Puritan ; in other words, he was a person 
who preferred a plain and simple form of worship, without 
imposing rites or vestments, to the ornate and elaborate 
ceremonial ordained by Queen Elizabeth. Preferred is an 
insuf^cient word to express the feelings of the more ad- 
vanced Puritans. As the queen became more exacting in 
her demands, the Puritans grew more scrupulous ; until what 
had first been a preference, became a conviction for which 
they were willing to peril liberty and life. In the latter 



14, COLONIAL PIONEERS. 

part of Elizabeth's reign, an act of Parliament was passed 
declaring that any one who neglected to come to the Estab- 
lished Church for a month, or attended any religious service 
other than that of the Church of England, should be im- 
prisoned until they should recant, and promise compliance 
with the law. Those who refused to conform were liable to 
banishment from the realm for life, under penalty of death 
if they presumed to visit their native land. 

This law, however, during the last five years of the 
queen's reign, was not so vigorously enforced but that, in 
all large towns, and in many rural villages, congregations of 
Non-conformists gathered on Sunday without any great pre- 
cautions as to secrecy, and joined in such a simple religious 
service as their consciences approved. Many excellent 
clergymen, however, were expelled from their livings, and 
several men of learning suffered death or long imprisonment 
for writings adverse to the observances of the national 
church. There was just enough persecution to give to Puri- 
tanism the additional charm of forbidden fruit. There was 
enough to advertise and glorify, but not enough to crush it. 

When Elizabeth died in 1603, and James I. was pro- 
claimed in her stead, the Puritans rejoiced, for the new king 
had been reared a Presbyterian, and had been much ad- 
dicted to arguing, in his arbitrary and pretentious manner, 
against Episcopacy. He was thirty-six years of age when 
he came to the throne of England, and it was reasonable to 
suppose that the opinions which he had cherished so long, 
as king of Scotland, he would at least respect and tolerate 
as king of Great Britain. 

The Puritans were disappointed. On his way to London, 
eight hundred clergymen joined in petitioning him to abolish 
the surplice, the ring in marriage, the use of the cross in 
baptism, and the rule requiring persons to bow at the name 
of Jesus. They asked, also, that the Liturgy might be short- 



COLO NIA L PIOMEERS, 15 

ened, Sunday more strictly observed, and the other hoHdays 
made optional. In short, they asked the king to make the 
Church of England Puritanic in its rites and observances, 
while retaining its Episcopal form. The king's reply to this 
petition was published in the form of a proclamation, an- 
nouncing his determination to preserve the church as he 
found it established by law, and forbidding all publications 
against it. He threw himself and all his influence upon the 
side of what we should call the High Church party. ''No 
Bishop, no King," said he. In the presence of a number of 
clergymen, he used these words : 

*' I will have one doctrine, one discipline, one religion, in 
substance and ceremony ; never speak more to that point, 
how far you are bound to obey." 

His deed accorded with his words. The Non-conformist 
congregations were pursued with a rigor unknown in the 
worst days of Elizabeth ; and not only that, but they were 
forbidden to seek an asylum in other lands. But for this 
foolish king, great numbers of persecuted Puritans would 
have gone to Virginia soon after the settlement of James- 
town in 1607, and Virginia might have become a Puritan 
commonwealth. Not only were the Puritans prosecuted 
with new rigor, but all other persons who presumed to differ 
from the king in their creed or worship. In the year 161 1, 
for example, two men of great worth and learning were exe- 
cuted for professing doctrines precisely similar to those of 
the late Dr. Channing of Boston, and most of our present 
Unitarians. 

The Puritans, however, increased in numbers and in posi- 
tiveness of conviction, during every year of the reign of 
James the First ; and before England was rid of him, we 
may truly say that they were a majority of the educated 
class. Consider, for example, this incident, which occurred 
in Parliament in 1620. A bill being before the House for 



16 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 

the more strict observance of Sunday, a member opposed 
the bill, especially objecting to the day being called Sabbath, 
and declaring his conviction that it was right for people to 
amuse themselves on Sunday in games and field sports. 
For this speech he was expelled from the House of Com- 
mons, and in the sentence of expulsion his offense is styled, 
'"'■great, exorbitant, and unparalleled^ This action, of course, 
was aimed at the king, who had made himself profoundly 
odious to the nation ; but it shows that a majority of the 
House of Commons, in 1620, were at least political, if not 
religious Puritans. 

In several villages near Scrooby there were congregations 
of Non-conformists in Elizabeth's day. In 1606, the third 
year of the reign of King James, a company of Puritans as- 
sembled at the house of William Brewster, at Scrooby, and 
formed themselves into a church, in form and doctrine 
closely resembling what we now call Congregational. The 
principal member of this church, and its most liberal sup- 
porter, was the person at whose house it. assembled. Its 
minister was Richard Clifton, who had been once rector of 
a church near by, from which he had withdrawn, or been ex- 
pelled for non-conformity. He was fifty-three years of age 
when the church was formed, and little else is known of 
him, except that he was much beloved and trusted by the 
people to whom he preached. He was assisted in the work 
of instructing the congregation by John Robinson, who suc- 
ceeded him in his office, and whose name will be forever 
famous as pastor of the church of the Pilgrim Fathers when 
they sailed for the New World in 1620. 

Except Brewster, Clifton, and Robinson, all of the congre- 
gation were farmers, or persons closely connected with agri- 
culture. At that day, it was not usual for farmers to know 
how to read and write. Shakespeare's father, for example, 
who had not been long dead, did not possess these accom- 



COLONIAL PIONEERS. 17 

plishments, though descended from a line of respecta- 
ble farmers. It is no slight proof, therefore, of the superior- 
ity of the persons who met every Sunday at Brewster's 
abode, that a large proportion of them could sign their own 
names, and read their native language. Theological discus- 
sion had sharpened their wits and made them intellectual 
beings. Any man who will pursue a great theme in a dis- 
interested spirit for several years, weighing the arguments 
for and against his own opinion, becomes necessarily an 
educated person. He has a mental life, apart from the 
daily life of toil and care to which all men are subject, 
while they have bodies to nourish and families to rear. 

When the church which met at William Brewster's house 
had been in existence for about a year, persecution grew so 
hot against them that they made up their minds to abandon 
their country and seek in another land the rights denied 
them in their own. Many Non-conformists from that part 
of England, and one whole church from a village near by, 
had already found refuge in Holland, which was then almost 
the only spot in Europe where religious liberty had an ex- 
istence. With unconceivable dif^culty and suffering the 
Scrooby church mada its way to Holland, where they re- 
sided for twelve years, earning their living by manual labor, 
and then emigrated to Plymouth, in Massachusetts. 

William Brewster died there in 1643, aged eighty years, 
having lived long enough to see, upon the coast of Massa- 
chusetts, many thriving settlements of English Puritans. 



Thomas Hutchinson, 

The Last of the Colonial Governors of Massachusetts. 

At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, each of the 
American colonies, except Rhode Island, had its governor 
who was appointed by the King of England. 



Ig COLONIAL PIONEERS. 

The governors' salaries ranged from eight hundred to fif- 
teen hundred pounds per annum, and as the posts were on 
many accounts highly desirable, they were usually given to 
court favorites, or to needy hangers-on of the ministry, who 
continued to live in England, while the service was performed 
by deputies, 

Massachusetts, however, was ruled by a native of the 
American soil — Thomas Hutchinson — born at Boston in 
171 1, a graduate of Harvard College, fond of his country, a 
diligent student of its history, an adherent of its religion, and 
long held by his fellow-citizens in high esteem. 

At the outbreak of the Revolution, he, like all the other 
royal governors, sided with the king, and contributed mate- 
rially to aggravate the differences between the colonists and 
the royal government. 

I think it probable that he would have been a royalist in 
any case, simply because, though not wanting in practical 
ability, he was a man of dull and limited mind.. He was an 
American George the Third, and naturally assisted that 
royal personage to muddle away the richest colonial empire 
a nation ever possessed,. 

During those trying years Dr. Franklin was puzzled to 
account for the foolish and fatal proceedings of the British 
government. He was talking upon this problem one day in 
London with a member of Parliament, when he received im- 
portant light upon the matter. The member said, in sub- 
stance : 

- *' The measures which so offend the people of Massachu- 
setts do not originate with the ministry here, nor in England 
at all.^ The sending out of the troops and the other colo- 
nial grievances have been suggested and urged by Americans 
themselves, men in high ofifice, who have written over and 
over again to the ministry, arguing that nothing but y^;r^ 
would subdue the American discontent." 



COLONIAL PIONEERS . 19 

Franklin doubted the statement ; whereupon the member 
engaged to prove it, and a few days after brought him a 
packet of thirteen letters written by Governor Hutchinson 
Lieutenant-Governor Andrew Oliver, and other persons of 
note in Boston, to a gentleman connected with the home 
government. These letters went far to establish the truth 
of the member's assertion. Six of the worst of them were 
written by Governor Hutchinson, and they caused Dr. 
Franklin to open his eyes very wide. 

In these epistles the governor spoke of the leading patri- 
ots, such as Hancock, Otis, and Samuel Adams, as " our in- 
cendiaries." He expressed the opinion that these leaders of 
the people ought to be brought to trial and punished as 
criminals. Here are two or three of his most offensive sen- 
tences : 

*' There must be an abridgment of what are called English 
liberties." " I doubt whether it is possible to project a system 
of government in which a colony three thousand miles dis- 
tant from the parent state shall enjoy all the liberty of the 
parent state." " Laying taxes upon all cannot be thought 
equal, seeing many will be punished who are not offenders. 
Penalties of another kind seem better adapted." 

The other letters were in the same taste, all agreeing 
that unless the British government would arrest and convict 
the " original incendiaries," restrain the liberty of the press 
and of public meeting, anarchy would continue to prevail. 

Upon reading these letters, Franklin's indignation 
against the government was much allayed, because he saw 
from them how grossly ministers had been misinformed and 
misled by persons to whom they naturally looked for correct 
information. He sent the letters to the Committee of Cor- 
respondence in Boston to be shown to the leading patriots. 
The letters by no means diminished their indignation. In- 
deed, they made the governor so intensely odious that his 



20 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 

position was scarcely tenable in the colony. The assembly 
petitioned the king to remove him and the lieutentant-gov- 
ernor from their posts, since they were "justly chargeable 
with the corruption, misery, and bloodshed which have been 
the natural effects of posting an army in a populous town." 

The king was little disposed to comply with this request, 
but in 1774 ''gave Governor Hutchinson leave" to visit 
England. He left Boston not too soon for his own safety, 
and he spent the remainder of his days in London. 

At first he expected to return speedily to his govern- 
ment, and he continued to mislead the king and ministry by 
assuring; them that the troubles would soon be over. In this 
he deceived himself as much as he did the ministers, for, as 
before remarked, he was a man who had not the least com- 
prehension of the movement which he had witnessed from 
the beginning. He understood it as little as King George 
himself, who was impatient to see his congenial governor. 
Before he could attire himself in a suitable dress, he received 
a summons to court, where, notwithstanding his ill-dressed 
condition, he was "admitted, contrary to custom, to kiss his 
majesty's hand in his closet." He had a conversation with 
his majesty of two hours' duration, and was obliged to stand 
all the time in the Awful Presence of the king. 

" I am afraid you are tired, so long standing," said the 
minister in attendance, at the close of the interview. 

'' So gracious a reception," replied the governor, "makes 
me insensible of it." 

Upon returning to his lodgings, the governor wrote down 
his conversation with the king at great length, but the " in- 
terview " is by no means interesting or valuable. 

" How do you do, Mr. Hutchinson, after your voyage ?" 
asked the king. 

" Much reduced, sir, by sea-sickness, and unfit upon that 



COLONIAL PIONEERS . 21 

account, as well as my New England dress, to appear before 
your majesty." 

The king accepted the apology for his clothes, and then 
asked a great number of gossipy questions about persons 
and things in Massachusetts, particularly about Hancock, 
Adams, Gushing, and other noted patriots. He also asked 
many questions concerning the climate and productions of 
New England, and appeared to have considerable knowl- 
edge of the country himself. The king said : 

'* Nothing could be more cruel than the treatment you 
met with in betraying your private letters. I remember 
nothing in them to which the least exception could be 
taken. Could you ever find how those letters came to New 
England ?" 

" Dr. Franklin, may it please, your majesty, has made a 
public declaration that he sent tlicm." 

*' I see," said the king, " they threaten to pitch and 
feather you." 

" Tar and feather, may it please your majesty ; but I 
don't remember that ever I was threatened with it." 

After two hours of rather trifling talk, the governor 
withdrew to his abode, perfectly enchanted with the king, 
who, on his part, was well content with the governor, and 
continued to pay his salary as long as he lived, and, I be- 
lieve, gave an office to his son. 

It is difficult to tell from the governor's Diary, recently 
published, which was the strongest feeling of his heart in 
England — the yearning to return to his native land, or ad- 
miration for the English king. He felt himself, as he wrote 
one day, to be "a prisoner" in old England, " with his heart 
and affections in New England ;" but, on the same day, he 
wrote in his diary these words : 

" I have just come in from the House of Lords, where I 
saw the king give his assent to one of the American bills, 



22 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 

and a number of others. The king is such a figure of a 
man that, seated on his throne in his royal robes, there is 
nothing here that affords such a feast to my eyes." 

When he penned these words, the news of the battle of 
Lexington was coming across the sea. Bunker Hill soon 
followed, and' the governor perceived that his stay in Eng- 
land was likely to be long. He lived liberally, however, 
in England, kept a carriage, visited noblemen at their coun- 
try seats, attended court, and wrote daily in a Diary which 
gradually swelled to seven large volumes. During the war 
his country house in Massachusetts was sacked and pillaged. 
He did not live to see his country independent, though he 
lived long enough to hear of Burgoyne's surrender, of the 
French alliance, and of the beginning of the movements 
which ended in the capture of Cornwallis. 

He died in London in 1780, aged sixty-nine years, leaving 
children and grandchildren. Peter Orlando Hutchinson, 
one of his great-grandsons, has begun the publication of his 
Diary and letters, which have their value, and show the gov- 
ernor to have been as honest as a man of his caliber can 
ordinarily be. He was, however, quite aware on which 
side his bread was buttered, and he hked it buttered. 



Lord Baltimore and Maryland. 

In an English journal of 1 77 1, I read, some time ago, the 
following paragraph : 

*' Lord Baltimore's will has come over from Italy. It 
appears that he has left the province of Maryland, in tail, 
male, to Henry Harford, Esq., a child now at Richmond 



COLONIAL PIONEERS. 23 

School; remainder in fee to his younger sister, the Hon. 
Mrs. Eden." 

The reader may not understand the precise meaning of 
the law terms in this paragraph ; but he may certainly gather 
from it that the sovereign state of Maryland, only ninety- 
nine years ago, was the property of a school-boy, an item in 
a nobleman's will; and it was by no means the most impor- 
tant item. I could not but think of this when I sailed, not 
long ago, out of the harbor of Baltimore, on an afternoon 
when a fresh southerly breeze was wafting toward that flour- 
ishing and important city whole fleets of Baltimore clippers, 
oystermen, and other coasting craft. 

The province had then been in the family of Lord Balti- 
more one hundred and twenty-eight years ; but five years 
after the paragraph was penned, it ceased to be private 
property. The school-boy, Henry Harford, Esq., never 
came into his inheritance ; for the people of Maryland took 
their province into their own hands, and sent a fine regiment 
to join the forces under General Washington, which distin- 
guished itself at the battle of Long Island and elsewhere. 

George Calvert, afterward Lord Baltimore, who was born 
in Yorkshire, England, about 1582, graduated at Oxford 
when he was only fifteen years of age, and after the usual 
tour abroad, entered the -public service under James L, and 
rose to the rank of secretary of state. The king, with whom 
he was a favorite, knighted him, made him a peer of Ireland 
with the title of Lord Baltimore, and settled upon him a 
pension of a thousand pounds a year. The town of Bal- 
timore, from which he derived his title, is now a small sea- 
port near Cork, containing a population of less than two 
hundred persons. 

While he was still secretary of state, and when he was 
fifty-two years of age, a remarkable change took place in his 
religious opinions, He became a Roman Catholic. He 



24 COLONIAL PIONEERS . 

resigned his office in consequence, freely confessing to the 
king. the change which he had experienced. If the king had 
been a consistent personage, this avowal would have es- 
tranged him forever from George Calvert. He had said, 
not long before : 

" I can love the person of a Papist, being otherwise a 
good man and honestly bred, never having known any other 
religion ; but the person of an apostate Papist I hate." 

But he did not hate George Calvert. On the contrary, he 
kept him in the Privy Council, and manifested in various 
ways an undiminished regard for him. Released from his 
office of secretary of state, in 1624, Lord Baltimore had time 
to carry out a scheme of colonization which he had long had 
at heart. Some years before King James had given him a 
patent of part of the island of Newfoundland, and he had 
spent an immense sum of money in preparing his province 
for a colony, even building a costly house for himself. The 
colony was planted at length. In 1625, the death of the 
king having dissolved the tie which kept Lord Baltimore in 
his native country, he joined his colony in Newfoundland. 

He was not long in discovering that the site was ill-chosen, 
for the climate was cold and the soil unfertile. He persevered, 
how^ever, for three years. Then he sailed southward on a 
voyage of discovery, entered the Chesapeake Bay, ascended 
the James, the Potomac, and the other waters of the Chesa- 
peake, enchanted at every turn with the magnificence of the 
waters, and the inviting fertility of the lands. He returned 
to England, and obtained of the new king, Charles I., a grant 
of the province lying to the north of the Potomac river, then 
called Crescentia. The king, in honor of his wife, named it 
Maryland. But this Lord Baltimore never again trod the 
soil of the province which had been given him. He died in 
1632, bequeathing it to his eldest son, who was zealous to 



COLONIAL PIONEERS. 25 

execute his father's intentions, and prepared at once to found 
a colony. 

It is evident that the planting of a colony in America by 
English Catholics was an event highly interesting to the 
Catholics of the time. A citizen of Maryland, a few years 
ago, copied from the records of the Jesuits' college at Rome, 
a report concerning the enterprise, written before the first 
vessel had sailed. It was evidently designed as an adver- 
tisement of the design, and was probably used to induce 
Catholics to volunteer. It set forth that " His Most Serene 
Majesty, in his munificence," had given this noble province 
to the Lord Baron of Baltim.ore, and his heirs forever. 

*' Therefore," continued the Jesuit writer, '' the most illus- 
trious baron has resolved immediately to lead a colony into 
that region ; first, and especialty, that into the same and the 
neighboring places he may carry the light of the Gospel 
where, it has been found out, that hitherto no knowledge of 
the true God has shone. Then, furthermore, with this de- 
sign, that all the companions of his voyage and labors may 
be admitted to a participation of the profits and honor, and 
that the empire of the realm may be more widely extended. 
For this'enterprise, with all haste and diligence, he seeks com- 
panions of his voyage." 

He proceeds to say, that w^hosoever shall pay down one 
hundred pounds to convey five men to the colony, shall re- 
ceive a grant of two thousand acres of land. And such 
land ! — land abounding in the most beautiful trees, fruits, 
vegetables, and grain, as well as with the beasts and birds 
most useful to man. 

'* So great," said he, ** is the abundance of swine and deer, 
that they are rather troublesome than advantageous. Cows 
also are innumerable, and oxen, suitable for bearing burdens 
or for food. . . . The neighboring forests are full of wild 
bulls and heifers, of which five or six hundred thousand are 



26 COLONIAL PIONEERS, 

annually carried to Seville from that part which lies toward 
New Mexico. . . . There is hope also of finding gold, for 
the neighboring people wear bracelets of unwrought gold, 
and long strings or pearls." 

It is evident that the Jesuit father, in describing Lord 
Baltimore's province, drew from Captain John Smith's ac- 
count of Virginia, and from Spanish descriptions of Florida, 
Mexico, and the West Indies. 

Adventurers were not wanting to sail to so pleasant and 
bountiful a land. A good company of Catholics, under the 
governorship of Leonard Calvert, a brother of Lord Balti- 
more, sailed from the Isle of Wight in November, 1633. 
There were two or three priests on board, who carried with 
them all that is necessary for the proper celebration of the 
Catholic worship. As soon as the anchor was hoisted, and 
the ship under sail, the priests and people walked in proces- 
sion about the vessel, and " placed the principal parts of it 
under the protection of God, the most holy Mother, Saint 
Ignatius, and all the other guardian angels of Maryland." 

Sailors were then such slaves to custom and tradition, that 
almost every ship which sailed to the new world went round 
by way of the Azores, and so crossed the Atlantic. This 
ship, by taking that roundabout course, sailed about nine 
thousand miles, and consumed three months in getting from 
the Isle of Wight to old Point Comfort in Virginia. After 
spending a few days in visiting the Virginia settlements, the 
ship continued its course up Chesapeake Bay to the river 
Potomac, to which they gave the name of Saint Gregory. 
The Indian name, however, refused to be set aside, and it 
continued to be called by its ancient name. 

After sailing up the Potomac some distance, exciting the 
wonder of the natives — for this vessel of four hundred tons 
was the largest ever before seen in these waters — they 
reached three small islands, upon one of which they landed. 



COLONIAL PIONEERS. 27 

There, for the first time in that part of America, March 25, 
1634, the mass was celebrated. One of the fathers records 
that, after the conclusion of the ceremony, they took up on 
their shoulders a great cross which they had hewn from a 
tree, and going in procession to the place that had been 
selected for it, they erected it *' as a trophy to Christ the 
Saviour." While some were engaged in setting up the cross, 
the governor and the rest of the company knelt upon the 
virgin soil, never before trodden by civilized man, and 
*' chanted humbly the litany of the holy cross, with great 
emotion of soul." 

After a few days' stay upon this island, they sailed thirty 
miles further up the river, and, landing upon the Maryland 
side, selected a spot for their intended city, to which they 
gave in advance the name of Mary. The county is still 
called by that name, but the great city of Maryland was 
destined to rise at another point, and was not founded for 
nearly a hundred years after. 

Thus was the colony of Maryland planted. For several 
years its growth was slow, and I find it spoken of in the 
records of the time as a " Mission." The priests, of whom 
there were generally four or five, exerted themselves unceas- 
ingly to instruct and convert the Indians, dealing with them 
with scrupulous justice, and setting them an excellent ex- 
ample of cheerful industry. One of the fathers relates with 
exultation that among their converts was the principal chief 
of the country, who cast aside his skins and put on a Chris- 
tian coat, and dismissed all his wives but one, to whom the 
fathers married him. 

The Baltimore family, who had themselves suffered from 
the religious intolerance of the age, early declared and made 
it a fundamental law of the colony, that all religions should 
be tolerated in their province, saying that they wished it to 
be a sanctuary for the oppressed of every creed. This wise 



2g COLONIAL PIONEERS , 

movement, so much in advance of tlie time, attracted many 
emigrants. In twenty-six years after the planting of the 
cross upon the island in the Potomac, there were twelve 
thousand white people in Maryland ; and eleven years after 
there were twenty thousand. Baltimore, which is destined 
to be one of the great cities, not of America only, but of the 
world, was not laid out until 1729, and in 1765 was only a 
village of sixty houses. 



Peter Stuyvesant, 

Fourth Governor of New Netherlands. 

In the Caribbean Sea, a few miles north of Venezuela, 
there is an island, forty miles long and two wide, called 
Curagoa, which produces abundant crops of indigo, sugar, 
tobacco, and corn. This island was captured by the Dutch 
in 1634, during their long struggle with Spain for their 
national independence, and it remains in their possession to 
the present day. Soon after its capture, an Amsterdam 
company of merchants founded a colony there, and carried 
on a profitable trade in the products of the island. 

The first governor of this colony was Peter Stuyvesant, 
afterward so famous as the governor of New Netherlands. 
He was the son of a Dutch Calvinistic clergyman, and re- 
ceived the classical education usually enjoyed at that day, 
in Holland, by the sons of gentlemen. He became particu- 
larly conversant with the Latin language, and he was fond, 
all his life, of quoting Latin sentences, as the manner of 
classical scholars then was. A Dutch author records that 
his conduct at school was not too exemplary, but he cer- 
tainly did not neglect his Latin. When his school days 
were over he entered the army, and after serving some years 



COLONIAL PIONEERS. 29 

he was selected by the West India Company of Amsterdam 
to.be the Governor of their colony at Curagoa. He was 
then thirty-two years of age, a fiery, valorous young soldier, 
who took pleasure in the pomp and display of military life, 
but, at the same time, was abundantly willing to share its 
toils and perils. 

While commanding at Curagoa, he headed an attempt 
to capture the island of St. Martin from the Portuguese — an 
attempt which his enemies called rash and his friends coura- 
geous. The attack failed, and the governor was so badly 
wounded as to lose one of his legs. In order to obtain 
better surgical treatment, he returned to Holland in 1644, 
where his leg was duly cared for, and his conduct at St. 
Martin's was pronounced by the company '' a piece of Ro- 
man courage." The wooden leg which was made for him 
in Holland was adorned with bands of silver, which gave rise 
to the story that he wore a silver leg. Indeed the valiant 
governor was always fond of display. He was a man to 
decorate a wooden leg with bands of silver. He remained 
also a man of fiery temper, excessively fond of power, impa- 
tient of contradiction, and haughty in his demeanor. But 
he was honest, energetic, determined, and one of the bravest 
of the brave. 

When he had recovered his health, he was rewarded for 
his past services by being appointed governor of the com- 
pany's colony in New Netherland, the capital of which was 
New Amsterdam, upon Manhattan Island. The colony was 
not in a satisfactory condition. A bloody Indian war had 
laid waste many a flourishing farm, and bereaved many a 
worthy family ; and this war had been needlessly provoked, 
and cruelly mismanaged. The colonists were oppressed 
with taxes, and yet the treasury was empty. They were 
discontented and discouraged, and there was great need of a 
more competent governor, 



30 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 

Upon Christmas-day, 1646, with a fleet of four vessels, 
Governor Stuyvesant sailed for the New World. Upon his 
way he visited the Dutch West Indies, where he gave evi- 
dence of his haughty and resolute disposition. A captured 
prize was to be disposed of, and the treasurer of the fleet 
demanded a seat at the counsel table where the affair was 
to be discussed. The governor repelled him, saying, 
" When I want you I will call you." 

Some time after the oflicer renewed his claim, when the 
governor denied it more roughly than before, and would 
not permit him to put his foot on shore during the whole 
three weeks of his stay at the island of Curagoa. 

On the I ith of May, 1647, six months after his departure 
from Holland, Governor Stuyvesant's fleet entered the 
beautiful harbor of New Amsterdam, and anchored near 
the shore of Manhattan Island, then clad in the emerald 
freshness of spring. It was a joyful day to the inhabitants, 
who all turned out to greet the Governor at his landing, 
with arms in their hands. There was so much firing on the 
occasion, that almost all the powder in the town was wasted. 
As he assumed command, he said to the people, in his bluff, 
soldier-like way : 

'' I shall govern you as a father his children, for the ad- 
vantage of the chartered West India Company, and these 
burghers and this land." 

These words, and the frank bearing of the silver-legged 
soldier who uttered them, heightened the general enthu- 
siasm, and the people went to their homes full of joyous ex- 
pectations of a happier future. 

At that time the city of New Amsterdam contained 
about ninety houses and seven or eight hundred inhabitants. 
There were laid out about a dozen streets, none of which 
were yet paved, and a good price for a building lot of an 
^cre was forty dollars. The rent of the best house in th^ 



COLONIAL PIONEER S. 31 

city would not have exceeded twelve dollars a year. The 
whole town was below Wall Street, and yet a large part of 
even that small territory was gardens and orchards. Every 
family kept its cow or cows, which were driven to the com- 
mon pasture, out of town, by the public herdsman, who 
collected the cows from house to house, blowing a horn to 
give notice of his approach. He drove them by way of 
Pearl Street, then called Cow Path, to the site of the present 
City Hall Park, and this is the reason, it is said, why Pearl 
Street is so crooked. 

The joy of the inhabitants at the coming of Governor 
Stuyvesant was not of long duration. His demeanor be- 
came exceedingly haughty. He kept some of the leading 
men of the city, who paid him a complimentary visit, wait- 
ing for several hours bareheaded, while he kept his hat on, 
says an old document, " as if he were the Czar of Muscovy." 
Besides this, he played the part of New Broom with disa- 
greeable energy. He was one of those governors who take 
particular pleasure in issuing a proclamation. We have a 
long proclamation of his, published soon after his arrival, in 
w^hich innkeepers were forbidden to sell liquor on Sundays 
before two o'clock in the afternoon, and after nine in the 
evening. Being a rigid Calvinist, he forbade pleasure-seek- 
ing on Sundays, and looked after the morals of the people 
as though they were indeed his children. On the other 
hand, he wisely forbade the selling of liquor to the Indians, 
and made it a capital offense to sell fire-arms to them. The 
Dutch at Albany had done great harm by selling guns to the 
Five Nations, and Peter Stuyvesant did his best to put an 
end to the traffic. 

To replenish the treasury, he put in force an excise 
upon wine and liquor, increased the export duty upon furs, 
and collected arrears of taxes. In the hope of making a cap- 
ture or two, he sent two small vessels to the West Indies in 



32 COLONIAL P IONEERS. 

quest of the rich treasure-ships going home to Spain. He 
had the fences repaired, seme of the streets straightened, 
and the general appearance of the town improved. Soon 
after his arrival he joined the church, caused the church 
edifice to be completed, and established over it a clergyman 
who had come with him from Curacoa to Holland, and from 
Holland to America. 

But with all this, he became more and more unpopular ; 
for he was a soldier, and he had no other notion of govern- 
ment except that of absolute command and unquestioning 
obedience. The leading men desired the misconduct of 
Stuyvesant's predecessor to be investigated ; but he would 
not permit it. 

" If this point be conceded," said he, '' will not these 
cunning fellows claim, in consequence, even greater author- 
ity against ourselves and our commission, should it happen 
that our administration may not square in every respect 
with their whims?" 

So, instead of bringing the ex-governor to trial, he ban- 
ished his accusers. He also gave an indignant refusal to 
those who claimed the right of appeal to the home govern- 
ment. 

"If any one," he declared, ''during my administration, 
shall appeal, I will make him a foot shorter, and send the 
pieces to Holland, and let him appeal in that way." 

This was carrying it with a high hand ; but the fiery old 
soldier found at last that he could not govern a colony in the 
wilderness as he would a regiment of soldiers in garrison at 
home. Money still refused to flow into the treasury ; the 
Spanish prizes did not come in ; the people evaded unpopu- 
lar taxes \ the Indians again threatened war. In these cir- 
cumstances, the governor was obliged to allow the people 
a voice in the government, and a colonial legislature of nine 
members was summoned. This was the beginning of better 



COLONIAL PIOXEERS. 33 

days, for it appeased the general discontent, and the people 
paid more willingly the taxes imposed by their own repre- 
sentatives. 

Stuyvesant's Indian policy w^as pacific and wise. But 
during a short absence of the governor, sixty-four canoes 
full of Indian warriors, numbering two thousand, landed 
one morning upon Manhattan Island before the dawn of 
day, and went all over the town, pretending to be in search 
of some of their own tribe. Their real object was to avenge 
the death of a squaw whom one of the townsmen had shot 
as she was stealing his peacheSo The colonists rushed to 
arms, and succeeded at last in driving them to their canoes 
and over the river. But in Hoboken, Staten Island, and 
elsewhere the savages killed a hundred of the settlers, took 
a hundred and fifty prisoners, and laid waste twenty-eight 
farms. The governor hurried home and put the province 
in a posture of defense ; but, at the same time, he used all 
his arts to conciliate the Indians. He managed so w-ell that 
in a few days they gave up their prisoners, and made a treaty 
of peace. 

From this time the colony prospered exceedingly. Emi- 
grants arrived in greater numbers ; a city government was 
organized ; and the vigorous measures of the governor bore 
fruit. For seventeen years Peter Stuyvesant ruled the prov- 
ince of New Netherland. In 1664 anew danger threatened. 
England, which had always regarded the Dutch as trespass- 
ers upon this coast, now prepared to enforce its claim. 
Charles II. had made a present of this Dutch province to 
his brother, the Duke of York, and sent a fleet of four ships 
and four hundred and fifty troops to take possession. It 
was useless to resist, for the fort was defenseless against 
artillery. 

"I would much rather be carried out dead," said the 
governor, '' than surrender the place," 



34 COLO NIAL PIONEERS . 

Upon reflection, however, he yielded, and on the eighth 
of September, 1664, marched out of the fort at the head of 
his httle garrison, with drums beating and banners flying. 
The British flag was hoisted, and New Amsterdam became 
New York. 

After the surrender, he went to his farm, three miles out 
of town, where he lived to the age of eighty, highly re- 
spected by his fellow-citizens. A portion of this farm re- 
mains to this day the property of his descendants ; and, dur- 
ing the last forty years, it has so increased in value as to en- 
rich a large circle of Stuyvesants and their connections. 
The stately mansion of Mr. Hamilton Fish, who is con- 
nected with the family by marriage, stands upon part of this 
estate. The old pear-tree brought by Governor Stuyvesant 
from Holland in 1647, and planted by his own hands, stood 
until a few years ago, when it was knocked down by a heavy 
load of timber. From its ancient root, however, a vigorous 
young shoot is springing, and promises to carry down the 
memory of Peter Stuyvesant for two centuries more. His 
remains repose in the family vault under St. Mark's Church, 
Second Avenue, upon the wall of which the original tablet 
may still be read : 

In this vault lies buried 

Petrus Stuyvesant, 

Late Captain-General and Commander-in-Chief 

of Amsterdam, in New Netherland, 

Now called New York, 
And the Dutch West India Islands. 
Died, August, a.d. 1682, 
Aged 80 years. 



COLONIAL PIONEERS.] 35 



Sir William Johnson. 

He mubt be a dull traveler indeed who can ride through 
the valley of the Mohawk, on the cars of the New York- 
Central railroad, with indifference. The mere beauty of the 
scene, in the summer time, captivates the eye. At some 
points the valley narrow\s to the breadth of a few miles, 
through which the limpid Mohawk winds its way; while 
near it the Erie canal, with numerous, slow-moving barges, 
gives life and interest to the picture. 

The view is bounded on one side by abrupt and lofty 
hills, covered in some places with the primeval woods, down 
which, in the spring, foaming torrents rush headlong to the 
river. At other places, the forest has long since been shorn 
away, and cattle are feeding on the smooth summits of the 
hills almost directly above the traveler's head. The valley 
itself, which is level almost to flatness, is of such fertility, 
that after a hundred and fifty years of culture, it still pro- 
duces the most luxuriant crops of broom-corn, maize, and 
grain. 

A great part of this beautiful valley, the value of which is 
now almost incalculable, was, in 1734, given as the marriage 
portion of a young lady of the city of New York — the 
daughter of a noted man of that day, Etienne DeLancey — 
when she married Admiral Sir Peter Warren of the British 
navy. After his marriage, the Admiral added to his posses- 
sions in the Mohawk valley by purchase, until he was the 
possessor of the greater portion of the valley. The whole 
region was then an unbroken wilderness, except where the 
Indians had cleared a few acres for their corn-fields. 

Admiral Warren had an Irish nephew named William 
Johnson, born in County Meath in 171 5, something of a 
scapegrace, who at the age of nineteen fell in love with a 



3(^ COLONIAL PIONEERS. 

young lady who was no fit match for a wild young Irishman 
without property. Disappointed in love — so runs the tradi- 
tion — he lent a willing ear to the proposal of his uncle, the 
Admiral, that he should cross the ocean, and see what he 
could do with this vast, unproductive Mohawk estate. 

In 1738 he settled at a place twenty-four miles from 
Schenectady, to which Sir Peter had given the name of 
Warrensburg. For once, here was the right man in the right 
place. In person young Johnson was tall, straight, and 
strong, and his countenance had an expression of manly 
gravity which was both winning and commanding. There 
was much in him both of good and evil. He was honest, 
brave, and eloquent ; but he was vain, boastful, and licentious. 
He possessed a singular talent for adapting himself to every 
situation and company in which he found himself. With 
gentlemen he was a gentleman; with Indians an Indian; 
and he could booze familiarly with the Albany Dutchmen, 
who at first were the only white neighbors he had. If he 
attended an Indian council, he was not too squeamish to cat 
dogs' flesh, or dance with the warriors, or flirt with the 
Indian girls ; but when the council was in session, he knew 
how to assume that dignified bearing and to pour forth the 
flowery eloquence in which Indians delighted. 

He excelled, too, in those sports and feats of agility upon 
which both Indians and white men at that time set so high 
a value. He joined in the Indians' ball play ; he was a good 
hunter; he had, in short, every quality of manhood which 
either the red or the white inhabitants of the Mohawk valley 
could appreciate. At the same time, who cared for his 
faults? Indeed, it perhaps enhanced his influence, that, after 
the early death of his wife — a German girl of the neighbor- 
hood — he took mistress after mistress, now Dutch, now 
Indian. The last of them, an Indian girl named Molly Brant, 
bore him eight children, 



COLONIAL PIONEERS, 37 

He did great things with his uncle's Mohawk lands, 
assisted by his uncle's capital. He carried on an extensive 
trade with the Indians, acquiring over them a wonderful as- 
cendency by his just dealing and easy manners. He ob- 
served two rules : I. Never to deal with the Indians except 
when they were sober; and, 2. Always to fulfill his promise 
with exactness. If he once said No, he never yielded to 
their solicitations ; and when he had said Yes, he would keep 
his word, at whatever loss or inconvenience to himself. All 
the Indians of the valley soon came to know this, and there 
is no virtue which an Indian more values. He soon became 
an adept in all the dialects of the region, and he frequently 
appeared among the Indians wearing their dress, which gave 
them particular delight. Of all the white men who ever 
had to do with the children of the forest, no one has ever 
wielded over them an influence so unbounded as William 
Johnson of New York. 

When he had been five years in the country, war broke 
out between the French and English, and it became a mat- 
ter of the utmost importance to keep the powerful tribes of 
New York faithful to their alliance with the En^jlish. It 
was William Johnson who frustrated at every point the 
machinations of the French, and held firm the unstable 
minds of the red men. Appointed by the government 
superintendent of Indian affairs, he usually wore the dress 
of an Indian chief, and visited all the tribes of the Six 
Nations, distributing liberal gifts, and pronouncing eloquent 
harangues. The result was, that the whole of the great 
province of New York remained unmolested and at peace. 
At the outbreak of this war, he built and fortified that large 
stone house, opposite Warrensburg, which is still standing 
and in good preservation. 

From this time to the end of his life, he was generally in 
the pubHc service, but continued actively to push his private 



38 COLONIAL PIONEERS . 

fortune. He encouraged many families from the Highlands 
of Scotland and the North of Ireland to emigrate and settle 
on his lands, to whom he let farms on easy terms. He 
mentions, in one of his letters of 1763, that his tenantry 
consisted of one hundred and twenty families. 

The old French war broke out in 1754. Again Johnson 
was placed at the head of the affairs of the Six Nations, and 
again he kept them faithful to their allegiance. Appointed 
a major general at the same time, he led a little army of 
hunters and farmers against Crown Point. Before he had 
reached it, he was most vigorously attacked by the French 
army, who at first gained an advantage which would have 
been decisive if Johnson's army had been regular troops. 
Instead of running away when they had been defeated, 
every man took to his tree or rock or shelving bank, and 
kept up a fire upon the French regulars which they could 
not return with any effect. The French continued to ad- 
vance, however, until they came to where General Johnson 
had thrown up a hasty and rude breastwork of logs, from 
which the French tried in vain to dislodge him. When the 
enemy faltered and began to retreat, Johnson and his hunt- 
ing-sliirted farmers took the offensive, and drove back the 
Frenchmen with terrible slaughter. 

It was for this victory that General Johnson was created 
a baronet, and rewarded by Parliament with a gift of five 
thousand pounds sterling. The king — George II.— made 
him a colonel in the British army, and permanent superin- 
tendent of Indian affairs at a salary of six hundred pounds 
sterling per annum, which he enjoyed for the rest of his life. 

A few days before this battle, he named the beautiful 
sheet of water on the shore of which it was fought, Lake 
George, '' not only," as he said, " in honor of his Majesty, 
but to assert his undoubted dominion here." The old 
French name was Lac Sacrement. He served, at the head 



COLONIAL F^^ONEERS . 39 

of Indians and militia, to the end of the war, rendering 
essential aid at some of the most critical affairs. He was 
present with his Indian allies when Montreal and all Canada 
were surrendered to the English, Upon the return of peace 
the king granted him an additional reward of a liundred 
thousand acres in the State of New York. 

At the time of Pontiac's Conspiracy in 1763, Sir William 
Johnson, for the third time, kept the Six Nations quiet, and 
restored the panic-stricken settlers to confidence. From this 
time to the beginning of the Revolutionary War he lived 
the life of a great frontier lord, dispensing the profuse hos- 
pitality, both to white men and Indians, which was then so 
much admired. In 1764, just after the Pontiac war, he built 
Johnson Hall, a large frame building, in which he passed the 
rest of his days, and which is still standing. Around this 
spacious residence he laid out the village still known by the 
name of Johnstown, now the county town of Fulton county. 
The Episcopal church there, which is still used, was built by 
Sir William. An officer who visited him in 1765, made this 
entry in, his diary concerning his visit : 

''July II, 1765. Dined with Sir William at Johnson Hall. 
The office of superintendent very troublesome. Sir William 
continually plagued with Indians about him — generally from 
300 to 900 in number — spoil his garden and keep his house 
always dirty." 

This remarkable man was fortunate in the time of his 
death. If he had lived another year, he would have been 
compelled to take sides in the great controversy between the 
Colonies and the mother country, and the probability is, that, 
like most other persons who held office under the Crown, he 
would have taken the wrong side. He was spared this mis- 
fortune by dying in 1774. The old tradition that his death 
was hastened by the conflict of feeling in his own mind on 
this subject, may have had some foundations in truth, al- 



40 COLONIAL PIONEERS . ' 

though the best investigators have rejected it. His son, Sir 
John Johnson, joined the British forces, and lost his estates 
in consequence. He died at Montreal, in 1 830, aged eig-hty- 
eight. 



James Logan, 

Penn's Private Secretary. 

An anecdote which James Logan used to relate to his 
circle of friends in Philadelphia, gives us the key to his 
character. 

He was crossing the Atlantic in the year 1699, with 
William Penn, wdiose secretary he then was. He was a 
native of the north of L'eland, where his father, a man of 
learning, and educated for the Presbyterian church, became 
an early convert to the Quakers, and taught for many years 
a large school belonging to that society. In this school, and 
under his father's tuition, James Logan w^as early imbued 
with a love of learning and science, and had acquired at the 
age of thirteen a proficiency in the ancient languages which 
was considered remarkable. He afterw^ard pursued mathe- 
matical studies w^ith great success, and became himself a 
teacher of a grammar-school. Few young men of his time 
were more accomplished than he ; since, in addition to his 
classical and mathematical acquirements, he possessed a 
knowledge of French, Italian and Spanish. 

Being a member of the Society of Friends, he was 
thrown into contact w^'th William Penn, one of the great 
lights of that denomination, by whom he was invited to go 
out with him to Pennsylvania, as his secretary and man of 
business. At that time pirates and privateers frequently 
assailed merchant vessels. The ship in which Penn and 



COLONIAL PIOXEERS . 41 

Logan were passengers being chased by an armed vessel, all 
the Quakers went below, as it is a tenet of their creed not 
to fight, even in self-defense. But James Logan, a robust 
and brave young fellow of twenty-five, proved himself on this 
occasion to be a better man than Quaker, and took his 
place at one of the guns to aid in beating off the expected 
enemy. But the armed ship, on coming up, proved to be a 
friendly vessel ; upon learning which, Logan went into the 
cabin to communicate the joyful news. William Penn, then 
relieved of his apprehensions, began to scold Logan for his 
inconsistency in being willing to defend the ship. But 
Logan said : 

'* I being thy servant, William, why did not thee order 
me to come below? But thee was willing enough that I 
should stay and help fight the ship when thee thought there 
was danger." 

William Penn's reply to this home-thrust is not recorded ; 
but the young man did not forget the lesson ; and in his 
subsequent transactions in connection with Pennsylvania 
affairs, he evidently bore the incident in mind. 

Philadelphia in 1699 was a straggling village on the 
banks o'f the Delaware, fourteen years old, of two or three 
thousand inhabitants, though the province was rapidly fill- 
ing up with immigrants. Penn soon returned to England, 
leaving Logan in charge of his interests, and manager of his 
estate — his agent and representative in all things. And 
Logan it was who had to bear the brunt of the ceaseless 
opposition of the colonists to the unwise, if not unjust, 
exactions of the Penn family. It was he, too, who con- 
ducted the negotiations with the Indians.* He had much to 
do with a famous and powerful Mingo chief, named Shickel- 
leny, upon whom Logan's exact justice and thoughtful 
humanity made such an impression that he named his son 
Logan ; and this was that eloquent Logan whose speech, 



42 COLONIAL PIONEERS, 

preserved by Mr. Jefferson, still figures in many of our 
school-books. 

A world of trouble the agent had in pacif}'ingthe colonists 
and maintaining the rights of the proprietor. Many of the 
emigrants '' squatted" upon land in the interior, and ap- 
peared to be exceedingly astonished when the agent de- 
manded pay for the same ; while others went through the 
form of purchase, took possession of their lands, and did 
not meet their engagements. The simple truth is : they 
were all farmers, and all raised wheat or tobacco, of which 
they produced so much that there was a glut in America of 
wheat, and of tobacco in England. The people had every- 
thing in abundance except money, and the few much-desired 
articles which could only be bought with money. In one of 
his letters, written when he had been a few years in the 
country, Logan uses such expressions as these: 

" The tenants make my life so uncomfortable that it is 
not worth the living. ... I know not what any of the com- 
forts of life are. . . . Money is so scarce that many good 
farmers now scarce ever see a piece-of-eight of their own 
throughout the year. . . . What little there is of money is 
in town ; and wheat, for two years past, has been worth very 
little. . . . Pay for land near New Castle, to the amount of 
three thousand pounds, is due, and I have received but two 
hundred pounds, and that in produce." 

William Penn, although he had a large estate in Eng- 
land, was brought so heavily in debt by his province of 
Pennsylvania, that he had scarcely money enough to sub- 
sist upon, and was in danger of bankruptcy. 

*' Oh, Pennsylvania!" he once exclaimed, ''what hast 
thou cost me ? Surely above thirty thousand pounds more 
than ever I got by thee." 

He expected results from his venture too soon. If he 
could have waited a few years longer, he would have had in 



COLONIAL PIONEERS. 43 

Pennsylvania a valuable estate, which his sons enjoyed and 
grossly abused down to the time of the Revolution. In due 
time Logan laid down his agency and entered into private 
business, seriously intending to acquire a respectable estate 
of his own. He once gave the reason of this determination, 
which may be worth considering. 

"When I was a young man," he wrote, ''and secretary 
to Penn, I felt an indifference to money, and deemed this a 
happy retirement for cultivating the Christian graces. But 
after I had had some experience in life, finding how little 
respect and influence could be usefully exerted without such 
competency as could give a man ready access to good soci- 
ety, I thenceforward set myself seriously to endeavor, by 
engagements in commerce (a new track to me), to attain 
that consequence and weight which property so readily 
confers." 

In this he succeeded. He soon gained a considerable 
estate, which enabled him to serve the colonies in important 
offices, and to spend the evening of his days in the pursuit 
of knowledge. 

It was not until he was approaching three score years 
and ten that he had occasion to put in practice the lesson 
which he had learned of William Penn, on his passage across 
the sea ; since Pennsylvania, during the first sixty-five years 
of its existence as a colony, enjoyed peace with all the 
world. In 1744, England being involved in war with great 
powers in Europe, the colonies were threatened with attack, 
and New England was engaged in active hostilities against 
the French in Canada. Privateers ravaged the seas, and the 
cities on the coast were filled with apprehensions of the 
enemy's fleets. Philadelphia was without defense of any 
kind. There was not a fort, nor a battery, nor an earth- 
work, nor a cannon, nor a volunteer company, nor muskets 
enough to arm one, nor any beginning of a militia systern, 



44 COLONIAL PIONEERS . 

One stout pirate could have sailed up the Delaware and laid 
Philadelphia under contribution. 

Benjamin Franklin, bookseller and postmaster, wrote an 
artful and powerful pamphlet calling upon the people to 
organize for the defense of their homes and families. In a 
few days ten thousand men in the province had joined the 
proposed organization, and nothing was thought of but 
muskets and batteries, drilling and parades. The Quakers 
were in a terrible dilemma between their sectarian principles 
and the instincts of human nature. James Logan and some 
others openly sided with Franklin, declaring that self-de- 
fense was equally the dictate of nature and religion. Logan, 
too old to serve in the field, subscribed five hundred pounds 
for the purchase of cannon, besides affording Franklin all 
the support of his influence and reputation. 

" A Government without arms is an inconsistency," he 
wrote to Franklin. 

The great body of the Quakers, however, were more 
disposed, as Mr. Logan remarked, to get estates than to 
defend them. Some of the young men resorted to an 
artifice in order to contribute money for the defense of the 
town without offending their elders. They agreed to raise 
money for "a fire-engine," and to intrust the same to Ben- 
jamin Franklin, who proceeded to buy with it a great gun, 
*' which," said he, with a twinkle in his eye, " is certainly a 
fire-engine^ 

Fortunately, the enemy did not attempt to enter the 
Delaware river, and the aged philosopher was soon enabled 
to resume his studies. Franklin, during this very year, 
1744, published Logan's excellent translation of Cicero's 
discourse upon old age, with an interesting preface by 
Franklin himself, which continued to be republished in Eng- 
land and Scotland for many years after the translator's 
death. Several other works of science and scholarship he 



COLONIAL PIONEERS. 45 

produced at this period of his Hfe, and he gathered round 
him at his country-seat near Germantown an excellent 
library and a valuable collection of objects relating to science. 
He was the venerated chief of that small circle of scholars 
and philosophers of which Franklin was the active and 
informing spirit, into which Rittenhouse and Rush were 
afterward admitted, and who will forever make the early 
history of Pennsylvania an essential part of the annals of 
mankind. Such men as Franklin, Logan and Rittenhouse 
are the only permanent glory of a State. 

James Logan died in 1751, aged seventy-seven years. 
His remains lie buried in the Arch street ground belonging 
to the Friends. His name and family are still among the 
most honored in Pennsylvania. 



Captain Kid and the Pirates. 

From an early period in the history of New England the 
coast was infested with pirate vessels. As early as 1632 we 
hear of a man named Dixy Bull who turned pirate and 
plundered the towns on the coast and the fishermen near it. 
Governor Winthrop sent a pinnace in pursuit of him, which 
cruised two months without success, and the pirate afterward 
got safely to England, where he died a violent death. For 
a hundred years after no ship approached the coast, nor 
left it, without keeping a bright look-out for pirates, and few 
seasons passed without ships being captured by these high- 
waymen of the sea. 

In that age wars were frequent between Holland, France, 
England, and Spain. No sooner was vv^ar declared than pri- 
vateering licenses were issued, and the more adventurous 
sailors were eager to take advantage of them, and scour the 



46 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 

sea in quest of rich prizes. Landsmen, too, used to club to 
gether, buy a vessel, arm and equip her as a privateer, and 
send her to sea in command of some daring captain noted 
for his success in this kind of warfare. Occasionally a splen- 
did prize was brought in, which would enrich the advent- 
urers, and give a great impulse to the business. As long as 
the war lasted, and as long as the privateers confined their 
attacks to the enemy's ships, no one objected. But when 
peace returned, there was a large body of men, afloat and 
ashore, who had been demoralized by the roving, reckless 
life of a privateer, and who were not at all disposed to settle 
dowm again into the humdrum life of good citizens, or to be 
satisfied with the regular gains of ordinary seamanship. 
Many of these men became pirates, and preyed upon the in- 
creasing commerce between Europe and America. 

Ships upon the ocean were then few and far between, 
and in time of peace there were few men-of-war serving as 
the police of the sea. The consequence was, that a pirate 
ship of some magnitude, well-manned and well-armed, usual- 
ly had everything its own way for a time, and captured 
every vessel it overtook. 

The success of some noted pirates gave such a powerful 
stimulus to the business that there appeared, at length, some 
danorer of the total extinction of honest commerce. In one 
of the letters of that learned and excellent Philadelphia 
Quaker, James Logan, written in 1717, there is a remarkable 
passage, which shows how numerous the pirates had become 
on our coast : 

*' We have been extremely pestered with pirates," he 
writes, *' who now swarm in America, and increase their 
numbers by almost every vessel they take. If speedy care 
be not taken they will become formidable, \iQ.\\\^nozv at least 
fifteen Jiundi'ed strong. They have very particularly talked 
of visiting this place, many of them being very well ac- 



COLONIAL PIONEERS. 47 

quainted with it, and some born in it ; for they are general- 
ly all Englishmen, and therefore know our government can 
make no defense." 

Philadelphia was then only thirty-two years old, and be- 
ing inhabited chiefly by Quakers, could have offered little re- 
sistance to a pirate fleet manned by fifteen hundred sailors. 
In that same year, 1 71 7, there was one week in October, 
Mr. Logan mentions, when the pirates took and plundered, 
in the Delaware, six or seven vessels ! Some Philadelphians, 
who were taken prisoners, heard them say that they had 
eight hundred men in Rhode Island, and another band in 
North Carolina, all under the command of one captain. The 
pirate vessel which made those captures had a crew of one 
hundred and thirty men, " all stout fellows," says Logan, 
*' all English and doubly armed." They said that they \\ere 
only waiting for their consort of twenty-six guns to attack 
and plunder Philadelphia. Nor was this a mere momentary 
or occasional panic, for a year after the same James Logan 
wrote : 

'' We are now sending down a small vessel to seize those 
rogues, if not strengthened from sea. We are in manifest 
danger here, unless the king's ships take some notice of us. 
It is possible, indeed, that the merchants of New York, 
some of them I mean, might not be displeased to hear we 
are all reduced to ashes. Unless these pirates be deterred 
from coming up our rivers by the fear of men-of-war outside 
to block them in, there is nothing but what we may fear 
from them." 

The danger was all the greater, because some of the 
merchants and contractors, who had fitted out privateers 
during the war, continued to supply the same vessels, when, 
at the return of peace, they had turned pirates. Sometimes, 
indeed, the pirate ships were strong enough to hold their 
own against a man-of-war. In the year 1723, for example, 



48 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 

two pirate vessels came in near Sandy Hook when a British 
man-of-war was going out of New York harbor. After a 
desperate fight, the smaller of the pirates was taken, and the 
whole crew of forty-two men were hanged in a row on Long 
Island. But the other escaped, and made twenty prizes be- 
fore she was caught. In the same year, 1723, twenty-six 
pirates were hanged at Newport, Rhode Island. Indeed, it 
was a common event, about that time, for pirates to be 
strung up in a row in that wholesale fashion ; for, by this 
time, the British government had begun to bestir itself and 
put forth systematic efforts for the suppression of piracy. 

Captain Robert Kid, born about 1650, was for many 
years a resident of the city of New York, where he had a 
wife and child, and whence he sailed, for several years, as a 
respectable merchant captain and privateersman. So highly 
was he esteemed, that no man's services w^ere in so much re- 
quest among the merchants of New York, and every one 
was eager for shares in a privateer which he was to command. 
Among the old records of the city of New York his name 
frequently occurs. Sometimes he is mentioned as demand- 
ing the return of one of his sailors who had been impressed 
into the king's service, and sometimes as bringing in a prize, 
and paying to the king the tenth and to the governor the 
fifteenth which the law allowed them. 

About 1695 the piracies on the American coast had be- 
come so numerous, and so destructive of commerce, that a 
kind of society was formed in England, headed by the king, 
William III., for their suppression. The company fitted out 
and armed a ship of thirty guns, named the "Adventure," 
designing that she should pursue and capture the pirates, 
and sell their vessels for the advantage of the company. 
When the ship was getting ready for sea, it so happened 
that Colonel Robert Livingston, of New York, a member of 
the well-known New York family of that name, was in Lon- 



COLONIAL PIONEERS . 49 

don. Colonel Livingston not only recommended Captain 
Kid for the command of this vessel, but engaged to become 
his security for the faithful performance of his duty. He 
spoke of Captain Kid as a " bold and honest man," well 
fitted to suppress the piracies in the American seas. The 
appointment was accordingly given to Kid, and he received 
the king's commission, which was directed *' to the trusty 
and beloved Captain Kid." Bearing this commission, he 
sailed from Plymouth in 1696, and bore away for the Amer- 
ican coast. 

Probably the pirates took the alarm ; for he cruised for 
several months between Boston and Virginia without mak- 
ing important captures. Occasionally he visited New York 
harbor, anchoring off the Battery, and while there, took 
pains to enlist a daring and numerous crew, until, at last, he 
had a resolute band of a hundred and fifty men. Toward 
the close of 1696 he struck across the Atlantic, bound for 
the East Indies, and on the way made known to his crew 
that he meant to turn pirate, and dash in among the richly 
freighted ships of the Eastern seas. The men offering no 
effective opposition, he continued his course around the 
Cape of Good Hope, and made his way to the Red Sea, 
where he began his depredations. He captured many ves- 
sels, gaining, as is supposed, a prodigious booty, and at 
length took a merchant ship of four hundred tons, laden 
with precious merchandise. 

With this vessel, and a vast amount of gold and silver 
and precious stones, he started on his return to America. 
The large ship he gave up to one of his band, and in his 
own vessel he returned to our waters, and buried a large 
amount of treasure on Gardner's Island, near the end of 
Long Island. A portion of this, and perhaps all of it, was 
afterward found by Lyon Gardner, the owner of the island, 
who surrendered it to the p-overnor of Massachusetts : 



50 Colon tAL PiONEEkS . 

namely, three bags of gold dust, containing about one hun- 
dred and fifty ounces, two bags of golden bars, weighing 
nearly six hundred ounces, tw^o or three bags of precious 
stones, and several of broken silver. It is possible that he 
buried treasure at other places on the coast. 

Having secured so much treasure, the next thing to con- 
sider was how he could get on shore to enjOy it. The Earl 
of Bcllcmont, governor of Massachusetts, was one of the 
stockholders in the original enterprise, and Kid, presuming 
upon this fact, sent one of his men to Boston to learn from 
the governor what treatment he might expect if he should 
go ashore. The governor, it appears, replied in language 
which admitted of two interpretations, one favorable to Kid's 
hopes, and the other not. He went to Boston, and appeared 
openly in the streets, where he was at once arrested. He 
was sent to England for trial, but it was difficult to convict 
him of piracy, owing to the commission which he bore ; and 
after a long delay, he was arraigned on a charge of murder- 
ing one of his crew, and condemned to die. Col. Livingston, 
of New York, who owned one fifth of the vessel in which Kid 
had sailed, befriended him to the last. He was hanged at 
Execution Dock, in London, March 23, 1701. 

For many years after his death, people living along the 
coast of Long Island could not quite get it out of their 
heads that Kid had buried vast treasures there, and they 
spent a great deal of time in digging for them. The song 
of Captain Kid, written soon after his execution, continues 
to the present day to be popular among sailors, and you 
may often hear it sung in the evening on the forecastle of 
ships: 

My name was Captain Kid, 
Wlien I sailed, when I sailed ; 
My name was Captain Kid, 
And so wickedly I did, 



COLONIAL PIONEERS. 51 

God's laws I did forbid, 
When I sailed, when I sailed. 

I roamed from Sound to Sound, 
And many a ship I found. 
And liieni I sunk or butiied, 
When I sailed, when I sailed. 

Farewell to young and old. 
All jolly seamen bold ; 
You are welcome to my gold, 
For I must die, I must die. 

Farewell, fcjr I nmst die ; 
Then to eternity. 
In hideous misery, 
I nmst lie, I must lie. 

Every sailor, however, has his own version of the song, 
and sings as many stanzas as the patience of his hearers 
wiU endure. 



Samuel Parris, and the Salem Witchcraft. 

Samuel Parris was the minister of the church in Sa- 
lem, Massachusetts, in 1692, when tlie events occurred 
which are usually spoken of as the Salem witchcraft. He 
was a man of much talent as a preacher and composer of 
extempore prayers; but by his arrogance and vanity he had 
estranged so many of his flock, that he was in danger of 
dismission. He had not been regularly trained to the 
ministry. He had been for some years a merchant, and he 
had brought with him from the West Indies several slaves, 
wdiom he continued to hold and employ after his settlement 
in the ministry. These negroes, besides being themselves 



5^ COLONIAL PIONEERS . 

superstitious, as all ignorant people are, had lived among 
Spaniards, who in that age were noted for their unquestion- 
ing belief in witchcraft. 

For four years, Cotton Mather's sermon narrating the 
ingenious tricks of four Boston children, supposed to be be- 
witched, had been circulating in Massachusetts. Nothing is 
more remarkable in children than their propensity to imi- 
tate ; and it came to pass, in the winter of 1691 and 92, that 
some girls in Salem took it into their heads to repeat the 
antics described in Dr. Mather's sermon, which had deceived 
the wise men of Boston, and made such a stir throughout 
America. Living near the residence of the minister, Samuel 
Parris, these girls had been accustomed to talk with his 
slaves about witches and witchcraft, and it is probable that 
their interest in the subject had been much increased there- 
by. How^ever that may be, these girls, six or seven in 
number, the youngest nine and the oldest eighteen, fell into 
the habit of coming together at the minister's house and 
elsewhere, for the express purpose of practicing the devices 
which they had learned from Cotton Mather's sermon, or 
from the servants' conversation, or from both. 

After practicing a while in secret, they began, before the 
winter ended, to perform in the presence of others. They 
would cry out without any obvious cause, twist their bodies, 
creep into holes, get under chairs, throw themselves into 
unnatural postures, gesticulate w^ildly, and utter incoherent 
sounds. Sometimes they would pretend to be seized with 
spasms, fall senseless to the floor, or wTithe about and shriek, 
as if in agony. Scarcely a creature in the town appears to 
have doubted, for one moment, that these antics were in- 
voluntary. The children were regarded with the tenderest 
compassion, as undergoing unaccountable and horrible suf- 
fering. 

The physician of the place was called in. A consulta- 



COLONIAL PIOXEERS . 53 

tion was held, and the children were p''onounced be- 
witched. 

It was not unusual, in that credulous age, for doctors to 
give opinions of this nature. When their science did not 
avail, and a patient grew worse, it was consolatory to their 
self-love, and beneficial to their reputation, to say that the 
sick person was afflicted by an Evil Spirit ; and no explana- 
tion of a mysterious malady was so readily believed as that. 

The girls, finding themselves objects of so much atten- 
tion, rose with the occasion. When people flocked in from 
the country to witness their supposed torments, they ex 
erted themselves to vary and intensify the exhibition. They 
began at length to cry out in church-time, using such expres- 
sions as, " Look where she sits upon the beam, sucking her 
yellow-bird betwixt her fingers." Or like this : " There is a 
yellow-bird sitting on the minister's hat, as it hangs on the 
pin in the pulpit !" Sometimes, just before the minister 
rose to preach, one would cry out, " Now stand up and 
name your text." If the sermon was long, one would say, 
perhaps, '' Now there is enough of that," or words to similar 
effect. 

No one thought of rebuking the girls for such conduct ; 
for they were supposed to be under an influence which they 
could not resist, and they continued to be regarded with 
mingled awe, terror, and pity. Every one treated them 
with the greatest attention and tenderness. A few persons 
in the parish, it is true, soon recovered sense enough to dis- 
approve the proceedings, and had the courage to absent 
themselves from church; but whoever held aloof was re- 
garded by the church generally as in some degree counte- 
nancing the Evil One, and the minister, Samuel Parris, 
appears to have marked them for destruction. 

The excitement was a godsend indeed to this artful, vain, 
and domineering clergyman. He was one of those persons 
who delight in being the center of a scene, or a ceremonial. 



54 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 

Power was dear to him for its own sake ; and besides believ- 
ing, as every one then beheved, in the constant presence 
and habitual interference of evil spirits, he rejoiced in every- 
thing like commotion, excitement, and conflict. Restored 
by these events to more than his former popularity and 
power, he did all that was possible to foment the mischief, 
and he contrived, ere long, to use the prevailing mania as a 
means of intimidating his opponents. 

His first step was to summon the clergy of the province 
to meet in council at his house. The children were brought 
in. They performed their antics as usual, while the reverend 
gentlemen looked on in silent amazement and horror. At 
length the ministers declared their belief that the Evil One 
had taken possession of the girls, and that he had begun 
his operations in Salem with a bolder front, and on a 
broader scale than ever before, in either the New or the Old 
World. When this decision of the council w^as made known, 
the community absolutely lost its senses. To use the lan- 
guage of Mr. Charles W. Upham of Salem, who spent many 
years in the investigation of this subject : 

" Society was dissolved into a wild and excited crowd. 
Men and women left their fields, their houses, their labors, 
and employments, to witness the awful unveiling of the 
demoniac power, and to behold the workings of Satan him- 
self upon the victims of his wrath." 

And now the people began to ask, with a wild intensity 
of eagerness, Who are the agents of the devil? Who are 
the witches? The children were continually questioned: 
" Who is it that bewitches you ?" Soon they began to 
utter the names of poor, unfortunate women who had made 
themselves disagreeable to their neighbors. One was named 
Sarah Good, a forlorn, friendless, and forsaken woman. 
Another was Sarah Osburne, a woman in humble life, of 
respectable character, but connected with a family opposed 



COLONIAL PIONEERS. 55 

to the minister of the parish. Another was a half idiotic 
slave, belongincr to Parris. 

In due time these three women were arrested, and ar- 
raigned with unusual solemnity and pomp, and each of them 
was subjected to a long examination. 

'' Sarah Good," said the magistrate, '' what evil spirit 
have you familiarity with?" 

She replied : " None." 

*^ Have you made no contracts with the devil?" 

" No." 

*' Why do you hurt these children^" 

*'I do not hurt them. I scorn it." 

*'Who do you employ, then, to do it?" 

" I employ nobody." 

The magistrate then told the children to look at her, and 
see if this was the person who tormented them, and they all 
answered that she was the one who did so. Upon this they 
all pretended to be tormented, and performed their accus- 
tomed wTithing and outcries. When the prisoner had again 
protested her innocence, the magistrate asked her : 

''Whom do you serve?" 

" I serve God." 

"What God do you serve?" 

" The God that made heaven and earth." 

Sarah Osburne also declared her innocence, and so did 
the slave. The slave, however, pretended to be herself be- 
witched, and showed much cunning in making the people 
believe that she was one of the victims, instead of one of 
the guilty. This w^oman said, after the excitement was 
over, that her master had beaten her and compelled her to 
accuse of witchcraft such persons as he designated. After 
remaining in prison a year, she was sold to pay her jail fees. 
Sarah Osburne died in prison after several weeks' confine- 
ment. Sarah Good lay in jail chained and bound with cords. 



56 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 

The children and their confederates, emboldened by 
success, began now to accuse persons of more importance 
in the community, selecting most of their victims from 
families opposed to the minister. The trials went on until 
five women were in Salem jail, who had been tried and 
found guilty of witchcraft. All of them were executed on 
the same day, and all of them were as innocent of harming 
the children as their own mothers. 

This wholesale execution served but to increase the ex- 
citement. The clergy still preached alarming sermons upon 
the subject, urging the magistrates to go on in the work of 
warring against the devil by destroying his agents. During 
the whole summer of 1692 the madness raged. Five were 
executed in July, five in August, and in September the 
astonishing number of a^/^/ virtuous and exemplary persons 
were conveyed in one cart to the top of a hill in Salem and 
hanged together. 

But this awful scene closed the tragedy ; for the Gover- 
nor, Sir William Phips, interfered, discharged all the remain- 
ing prisoners, and terminated the proceedings. During the 
prevalence of the mania, several hundreds of people had 
been committed to prison, none of whom were released until 
they had paid jail fees, court fees, and their board during 
confinement. Twenty were executed, several died in jail, 
and a great many families lost all their property. 

With returning reason, Samuel Parris became more odi- 
ous than before, and although the conservative party in the 
church supported him to the last, he was ejected at length, 
and spent the remainder of his days in poverty and obscurity. 
Eighteen years after the legislature of Massachusetts de- 
clared all the witchcraft judgments and convictions null and 
void, and voted nearly six hundred pounds for distribution 
among the injured families. 



COLONIAL PIONEERS. 



hn 



Captain Henry Hudson's Trip to Albany in 
Search of the Pacific Ocean. 

American travelers and students have discovered much 
curious information in their researches among the archives 
and hbraries of European capitals. Some years ago one of 
our historical students found, among the records, in Amster- 
dam, of the ancient Dutch East India Company, the " ship 
book" of the vessel in which Henry Hudson sailed up the 
noble river that now bears his name. It was in the service 
and at the expense of this East India Company that he 
made the voyage. The vessel was named the Half Moon, 
and she was of eighty tons burden — about as large as a good 
sized North river sloop. She was a vessel of two masts, and 
was built expressly for speed ; being what we should now 
call a yacht. Her crew consisted of twenty men, some 
Dutch and some English. The mate was a Dutchman, and 
as she sailed under the Dutch flag and in the service of a 
Dutch company, whatever land she might discover would of 
course belong to Holland. 

About sunset on the second of September, 1609, more 
than five months after leaving Amsterdam, Captain Hudson 
came in sight of those inviting headlands, now called the 
hills of Navesink, which so agreeably salute the arriving 
voyager as he approaches New York. Rejoicing in the 
prospect, he sailed on the next morning, and before night 
anchored inside of Sandy Hook, with the Narrows, leading 
into New York bay, straight before him. So pleased was 
he with the lands and waters about him, that he remained 
in the lower bay fishing and exploring for a week. Doubt- 
less he or some of his men walked upon the beach at Long 
Branch ; and very pleasant it must have been to them in the 



58 COLONIAL PIONEER S. 

bright, warm days of the first ^v'eek in September. Every 
day the long-boat of the Half Moon was manned, and made 
long excursions in what we now call Raritan Bay, and round 
where Perth Amboy now stands, and up through the Nar- 
rows into the beautiful harbor with its exquisite shores and 
green islands. Hudson mentions in his Report, that the 
lands about our harbor, in their virgin freshness, were '' as 
pleasant with grass and flowers and goodly trees" as any 
he had ever seen, and the breezes w^afted from them sweet 
odors. Returning one evening from what w^e now call New- 
ark Bay, the boat was attacked by two canoes full of Indians, 
and before they were driven off they killed one of the crew. 

After sounding and exploring for a week. Captain Hud- 
son ventured to hoist his anchor, and sail up through the 
Narrows as far as the opening of the strait between Staten 
Island and New Jersey, where again he dropped his anchor, 
and looked about him. Canoes full of Indians approached 
the vessel, making signs of friendship, and offering for sale 
oysters and beans. Captain Hudson would not permit any 
of them to come on board, but was glad enough to buy the 
excellent oysters which, at that day, as now, abounded in 
the kills between Staten Island and the other shore. The 
next morning a great fleet of canoes, twenty-eight in num- 
ber, filled w^ith men, women, and children, hovered about the 
vessel; but the captain feared to trust them, and let none of 
them come on board. 

All that region swarmed with Indians ; for the red man 
was an excellent judge of a country to live in. He required 
a place where land and water were conveniently blended, so 
that he could procure for his subsistence the products of 
both. Thus, in the earl}- days, the Indian population w^as 
large in the valleys of great rivers like the Hudson, the Con- 
necticut, the Potomac, the James, and the Mobile, and in 
such regions as Rhode Island, where sea and land are inter- 



COLONIAL PIONEERS. 59 

mixed. Nowhere, perhaps, in the northern States were the 
Indians more numerous than in the valley of the Hudson ; 
and the names of several of the tribes designate to this day 
the places which they inhabited. Our island, for example, 
was occupied by the Manhattans, and, thirty miles up the 
river, the Sait-Sings dwelt, whose name, corrupted to Sing 
Sing, is familiar to us all. On the other side of the river 
were the Hackensacks, and lower down in the bay the Rari- 
tans. The Indians on each side of the river were hereditary 
foes, frequently at w^ar, although capable of uniting against 
the Five Nations in the interior of the State. Amid this 
numerous population, it was but natural that Captain Hud- 
son, in his eighty ton vessel, and with his crew of twenty 
men, should proceed with caution. 

After spending the morning in viewing the beautiful 
scene around him, and watching the Indian canoes which 
surrounded the vessel, he hoisted his anchor and sailed up 
the bay for six miles, and cast his anchor for the night oppo- 
site Manhattan Island. The next morning, seeing the broad 
river stretch before him as far as the eye could reach, he 
entertained the hope that now at last he had discovered a 
passage leading into the Pacific. The tide being favorable, 
he drifted up the stream all day, and dropped his anchor in 
the evening opposite to the site of the village of Yonkers. 
The next day, a southerly breeze springing up, and assisted 
also by the tide, the Half Moon was w^afted so rapidly up 
the river, that when night fell she was in the midst of the 
grand scenery of the Highlands, and anchored not far from 
West Point. 

The next day Captain Hudson was equally fortunate. 
It was one of those beautiful September days, hazy in the 
morning, but clear and bright soon after sunrise, which reveal 
the loveliness of nature with a mingled depth and brilliancy 
unknown at any other part of the year. I am sure, from 



60 COLONIAL PIONEERS. 

the warmth of Captain Hudson's expressions, that he was a 
man to enjoy the glorious scene around him. On this day 
he made sixty miles, anchoring at night opposite Catskill, 
in full view of the mountains. By this time, it seems, he 
had changed his opinion of the natives ; for the next morn- 
ing, when they came off to the vessel, bringing tobacco, 
pumpkins, and the newly ripened ears of corn, he let them 
come on board, and bought from them those products of 
the country. 

He lingered in that enchanting part of the river all the 
morning, amusing himself with the Indians, and admiring 
the picturesque magnificence of the view. In the afternoon 
he sailed six miles further, and anchored about opposite the 
site of the present city of Hudson. Beyond this point the 
navigation becomes more difficult ; so that the next day he 
made only eighteen miles, stopping for the night near Cas- 
tleton. The next morning he went ashore with an aged 
chief, who took him to his house and entertained him hos- 
pitably. It was a region, he says in his diary, flowing with 
abundance. The chief had enough corn and beans to load 
" three ships ;" and two men who were sent out, as soon as 
he arrived, to kill him some game, brought in very soon a 
pair of pigeons. They also killed a fat dog, and dressed it 
with shells for his supper, supposing that he would remain 
all night. 

*' The land," he added, V is the finest for cultivation that 
I ever in my life set foot upon, and it also abounds in trees 
of every description. These natives are a very good people ; 
for when they saw that I would not remain, they supposed 
that I was afraid of their bows ; and, taking their arrows, 
they broke them in pieces and threw them into the fire." 

Early the next morning he continued his voyage a few 
miles further, and anchored very nearly opposite where the 
city of Albany now stands. Here again the Indians came 

i 



COLONIAL PIONEERS. 61 

on board in great numbers, bringing corn, grapes, and pump- 
kins, as well as skins of beaver and otter. The vessel re- 
mained at this spot for several days, while the carpenter 
hewed from the forest a new^ foreyard. On one of these 
days the captain gave some of the principal chiefs so much 
wine and brandy that they were all half drunk. The poor 
Indians seem to have been entirely puzzled and confounded 
by the effects of the strange liquid. 

The reader can imagine the amazement of the Indians 
along the banks of the Hudson, as the Half Moon made her 
way up the stream. The tradition of it lingered among 
their descendants for four generations: for we know that, 
about the year 1760, a Moravian missionary heard the tale 
related by aged Indians as they had received it from their 
fathers and grandfathers. A long time ago, they told him, 
some Indians who were out fishing in a wide part of the 
river espied at a great distance something enormous float- 
ing on the water, which they had never seen before. Going 
ashore, they told their friends of it, and urged them to pad- 
dle out into the stream and try to discover what it might 
be. They did so, and they all gazed at the strange thing, 
wondering what it was. Some said it was a huge fish or 
animal, and others thought it a large house. It was plain, 
however, that the tremendous object moved, and appeared 
to be moving toward the shore. So they sent runners in 
every direction to summon the chiefs and warriors. The 
object drew near. It was evidently an immense canoe or 
floating house, and they concluded that the Great Spirit was 
on board, and they made haste to prepare a great feast with 
which to regale him on his arrival When the great canoe 
came up, a man with a white skin, and wearing a red garment, 
hailed them in a friendly manner. And so they went on 
relating the particulars of the interview, dwelling especially 



Q2 COLONIAL PIONEERS . 

upon the delightful effects which followed the drinking of 
the white man's fire-water. 

Above Albany, as most readers know, the Hudson is but 
a narrow and shallow stream. Captain Hudson now began 
to see very plainly that this beautiful stream was only a river 
of the country, and that he would never get to China by 
means of it. He sent a boat's crew to explore further, who 
went about ten miles above the present city of Troy, and 
brought back the report that the river was navigable no 
further. With great reluctance he turned his prow down 
the stream. 

In the ascent of the river he had occupied eleven days, 
and he spent the same time in descending it, stopping often 
where he had stopped before, and detained sometimes by 
head winds. Near the mouth of the river he again found 
the Indians hostile. At the upper end of the island of Man- 
hattan, near what we now call Fort Washington, several 
hundred Indians gathered to attack the vessel as she passed ; 
but a single shot killing two of them, the rest took to flight. 
Soon after a large canoe full of warriors boldly attacked the 
Half Moon. Another shot from a small cannon stove and 
sunk the canoe, causing the death of nine of the Indians. 
He anchored that night near Hoboken, as far as he could 
get from the warlike Manhattans. A day or two after, ex- 
actly a month from the day of his arrival at Sandy Hook, 
he set sail again into the broad Atlantic. 

Five weeks after he cast anchor in the English harbor 
of Dartmouth. He sent over a report of his discoveries to 
Amsterdam, and received orders from his company to bring 
his ship thither. Just as he was about to put to sea, he was 
stopped by the English government, and ordered not to 
leave England, since he owed his service to his own country. 
All the English part of his crew received the same orders, 
and several months passed before the Half Moon was per- 



COLONIAL PIOXEERS. (J3 

mitted to return to Holland without her commander. Cap- 
tain Hudson next sailed in the service of a London com- 
pany, and made the voyage from which he never returned. 

Mr. J. R. Brodhead, the historian of the State of New 
York, whose researches have rescued for us much of our 
early history that might otherwise never have come to light, 
has ascertained the subsequent fate of the Half Moon. In 
1611 she was one of a fleet which sailed to the East Indies, 
and in the Indian Seas, in March, 161 5, she was wrecked and 
lost. The river discovered by Hudson was named by the 
Dutch the Mauritius, but the name would not adhere, as all 
the rest of the world called it by the name of the discoverer. 



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